Editorial Board

Surname: Al-Ajmi

Name: Abdul Hadi

Nationality: Kuwaiti

Current Occupation: Professor of Islamic History at University of Kuwait, Department of History, College of Arts.

E-Mail: abdulhadialajmi@hotmail.com

Academic Degrees:
Prof. Al-Ajmi holds Masters of Middle East Studies from the University of Chicago and PhD in Islamic History from Durham University.

Work Experience:
He has held many academic and research positions since 2004. He is Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs and Graduate Studies in the College of Arts, Kuwait University, as well as the Head of History Department and the Deanship of Consulting, Training, and Development.
He is also the Secretary-General of the Kuwaiti Historical Society and member of the Board of Trustees of Dar Al-Athar Al-Islamiyyah, and recently assumed the presidency of the Association of History and Antiquities of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.

Research interests:
Islamic history, the concept of political and legal systems and their relations with societies.

Publications:
He has published more than 30 researches, books, and other publications in English and Arabic in Kuwait, the U.S., Saudi Arabia, Germany, U.K., Egypt, Greece, and other countries.

Surname: Bouherour
Name: Habib
Nationality: Algerian
Current Occupation: Associate Professor of Literary and cultural criticism and contemporary literary theory at University of Kuwait, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, College of Arts.
E-Mail: habib.bouherour@ku.edu.kw
Academic Degrees:
• HDR (Habilitation to supervise research diploma), University of Constantine 1, Algeria 2009
• Ph.D. in Criticism and Literary Theory, University of Constantine 1, Algeria 2007
• MA in Modern Literature, University of Constantine 1, Algeria 2000.
• Bachelor of Arabic Literature, University of Constantine 1, Algeria 1991.

Professional Experience (samples):
• Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Kuwait University, from 2019 to present
• Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Qatar University, from 2009-2019.
• Coordinator (Director) of the master’s Program in Arabic Language and Literature, Qatar University from 2011-2014
• Editor-in-chief of the refereed academic magazine "The Professor Forum", École Normale Supérieure in Letters and Human Sciences, Constantine, Algeria from 2003-2009
• Assistant Professor and then Associate at the Faculty of the Higher School of Professors in Letters and Human Sciences in Constantine/Algeria 2000-2009

Specialized scientific books (samples):
• Disclosure and Interpretation, Studies in Cultural Criticism and Literary Theory, Qatar 2019
• Approaches to Criticism and Literary Theory, Jordan 2014
• The Critical Theory of Adonis and Nizar Qabbani, Jordan 2008
• Language and Identity in the Arab World - Problems of Education, Translation and Terminology, Beirut 2013 waltarjamat walmustalah) (collective authorship)
• Discourse of renewal in Arabic studies, IMAM BONJOL UNIVERSITY, INDONESIA, 2013 (collective authorship)

Conference Participation (samples):
• The discourse of introductions and ideologies in contemporary Arabic narrative, international colloquium on the discourse of introductions in literature and human sciences, University of Kairouan, Tunisia, April 15, 2018
• Anthology of Theater in Qatar (Research + Poster), Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference ARC 2016, March 20, 2016
• Acculturation and reception of the other text, International Symposium on Arabic Language and Literature, University of Kerala, Department of Arabic Language, India, 5-7-2015
• Manifestations of the Ego in the Arabic Fictional Text, Conference on Landmarks of Arab Heritage in Language, Literature and Culture, ATS-BRISMES, American University of Sharjah AUS, Sharjah 14/04/2014
• The Nature of Heritage within Modern Ideological Predicates, Lecture on Reading Linguistic and Literary Heritage in Modern Studies, College of Arts, Department of Arabic Language, King Saud University, January 2014
• Vision and Renewal in Contemporary Arab Poem: An Approach to Creativity Parallel to the Movement of Arab Poetic Modernity, Conference on the Renewal Discourse in Arab Studies: Introduction to Knowledge Integration, Imam Bunjul Univer
• The manifestations of cultural ego and philosophical ego in the critical imagination of Ali Ahmed Said, Conference on Identity and imagination in contemporary Arab literary discourse, Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences, Jijel University, Algeria, 2 December 4, 2012
• Critique of Modernity and its Illusions in Critical Literary Thought by Adonis, the first international conference on the social and human sciences at the World Islamic Center for Social Research and Consultation, University of London, UK, May 28, 2012

Publications (samples):
• The Epidemiological Imagination in the Contemporary Narrative, The Arab Journal for the Humanities, Issue 152 - Year 38 - Fall 2020 (Symposium Issue), Kuwait University
• Representations of Feminism in Contemporary Gulf Poetry, Al-Bahet Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2 - June 2018, Laghouat University, Algeria
• The Impact of Parnassianism on the Modern Arabic Poem, Al-Lisan Magazine, Volume 1, Issue 2, April 2, 2017, Faculty of Languages, Al-Madinah International University, Malaysia
• Thresholds and Imaginary Discourse in the Contemporary Arabic Novel, Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Language Sciences and Literature, Issue 16, April 2016, Saudi Arabia
• Gender Representation in Modern Gulf Poetry, Writing Women's Lives Conference, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY – QATAR,22 March 2016
• Acculturation and the Media of Receiving the Other Text, Kerala Journal, January 2016, Kerala University, India
• An authentic reading of the Arabic prose poem term, Majalla al-Aasima (Arabic, Issue 7 - 2015 College Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
• Critical Theory and the Concept of the Text in Modern German Criticism, Journal of the Kufa Studies Center, Volume 9, Issue 33, June 2014, Iraq
• Manifestations of Intellectual Modernization in Modern European Poetry, Makalid Magazine, Issue 7, December 2014, University of Ouargla, Algeria
• The Concept of Origin in Adonis' Critical Thought, Cultures Magazine, Issue 25 - December 2012, College of Arts, University of Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain
• The Poetry Theory of the Contemporary Arab Poet, Al-Adab Journal, Issue 1/Volume 24-2012, College of Arts, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• The representation of the other in the modern European literary text; Basra Literature Journal, Issue 56/2011, University of Basra, Iraq
• The Similarities and Differences in the Dialectic of Heritage and Modernization, Arab Open University Magazine, 2009 No. 5, Copenhagen, Denmark
• The prose poem of Jean-Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud, Journal of Human Sciences, Issue 26-2006, University of Constantine 1, Constantine Algeria).

Surname: Mahfouz

Name: El-Sayed

Nationality: Egyptian

Current Occupation: Professor of Ancient History and Archaeology at University of Kuwait, Department of History, College of Arts.

E-Mail: elsayed.mahfouz@ku.edu.kw

Academic Degrees:
- PhD in Egyptology from the Lille III University (Charles - Of - Gaulle), entitled "The Politics of New Kingdom Sovereigns in the Oriental Desert" with very honorable grade with congratulation, 2002.

Work Experience:
Teaching and Administrative Experience:
• October 2014: Professor of Ancient History and Archaeology – Kuwait University.
• September 2019: Director of Graduate Studies – History Department – University of Kuwait.
• September 2018: Associate Researcher in Centre français de l’Archéologie et des sciences sociales (CFAS) in Kuwait.
• November 2004: Scientific member of the UMR 8152 ("State, religion and society in Ancient Egypt and Nubia"), Paris-Sorbonne – France.
• August 2012: Acting Director of Bureau of Cultural and Educational affairs of Egypt in Canada.

Surname: Al-Kharabsheh
Name: Aladdin
Nationality: Jordanian
Current Occupation: Associate Professor of Translation Studies at University of Kuwait, Department of English Language and Literature, College of Arts.
E-mail: aladdin.alkharabsheh@ku.edu.kw  

Academic Qualifications:
- Obtained Ph.D. in Translation Studies, The University of Salford/ U.K. 2003.
- Obtained M.A. in Translation Studies, Yarmouk University /Jordan 1999.
- Obtained B.A. in English Language and Literature, Yarmouk University/Jordan 1996.

Professional Experience:
• Professor of Translation Studies, Dept. of English Language and Literature/ The Hashemite University, Jordan, 2018-present.
• Head of Dept. of English Language and Literature, The Hashemite University, Jordan, 13 Sept. 2015 - 13 Sept. 2016.
• Associate Professor, Dept. of English Language and Literature/ The Hashemite University, Jordan, 2009-2018.
• Associate Professor, Dept. of English Language and Translation/ King Saud University, Riyadh, 2010-2014.
• Part-time lecturer, Dept. of English (MA & PhD Programs), Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 2010-2014.
• Translator and Conference interpreter, Riyadh, 2010-2014.
• Assistant Professor, Dept. Of English / The Hashemite University, Jordan, 2003-2009.
• Part-time lecturer, Arabic Translation Section/ The University of Salford, U.K., 2000-2003.
• Interpreter and Researcher at the Routes Development Centre Limited (Routes), Manchester, U.K., 2002-2003.
• Assistant Researcher & Instructor, Dept. Of English /The Hashemite University, Jordan, 1999-2000.
• Part-time instructor of English at the Consultation and Community Service Centre/ Yarmouk University, Jordan, 1996-1999.

Conferences: National, Regional, and International:
• “Allusive Wordplay in Arabic-into-English Translation: Ahmad Hassan as a Case Study”. Kuwait University’s First Annual Conference on Translation, 3-4 March, 2018, Kifan Campus, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
• "Qur'an-related Intertextuality: Textual Potentiation in Translation". The 4th Jordan International Conference on Translation 2017, Irbid / Yarmouk University, 22-23 March, 2017.
• "Arabic Death Discourse in Translation: Euphemism and Metaphorical Conceptualization in Jordanian Obituaries" The First International Conference on Translation/ Interpretation and the Impact of Globalization, Nov. 18-20, 2008, The University of the United Arab Emirates, Al-Ain, UAE.
• "Unintentional Humour in the Translation of Jordanian Shop Signs." The 2008 JUST Conference of Applied Linguistics, April 29-30, 2008.
• “Quality in Interpreting: A Relevance-Theoretic Perspective.” Critical Link 5, 11-15 April 2007, Parramatta, Sydney, Australia.
• “Translating Autoantonymy in the Qur’an.” The Eighteenth International Conference on Literature, Language, Linguistics and Translation, 24-26 April 2007, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
• APETAU Petra Forum in collaboration with Tafila Technical University, 19 August, 2007.
• “The Translation of Paradoxical-lexical Words in the Qur’an: Equivalence at the Micro Level.” APETAU 3rd International Conference, 23-25 August 2006. University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
• “Information Technology: Facilitating Translation Research and Consolidating Language Teaching and Learning.” One-day Symposium on Information Technology and the Teaching of English Language and Literature, 13 April, 2006, Irbid National University, Jordan. 
• “Handling Collocation in Translation” WATA’s First International Symposium, 9-11 July, 2005 The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
• “The Interpretation of Terminological Constructions: The Case of Technico-scientific Nominal Compounds”, The Seventeenth International Conference on Literature, Language, Linguistics and Translation, 12-14 April, 2005. Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
• “Technical Translation between Myth and Reality”, SPARC Conference 2002, The University of Salford: UK.
• "The Problematics of Technical Translation: Computer Science Translation into Arabic", SPARC Conference 2001, the University of Salford: U.K.
 

Published Research:
• “Thought Colloquial but Found Formal in Jordanian Arabic Vernaculars: A Sociolinguistic Perspective" (forthcoming, 2025).Onomázein , 68th Edition.

• “Translating Mental Tropes Related to Active and Passive Participles: Syntactic Twisting and Semantic Exclusivity” Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literatures Vol.12, No. 1, 2020, pp57-78.
• “Incoherence as a Problem in Translating Jordanian Folkloric Songs: Zaffa as a Case Study”. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature (2019), Vol. 11, Issue No. 3, pp. 321-339. 
• “On the Translatability of Qur'anic Pun”. Forum: International Journal of Translation and Interpretation (2019), Vol. 17, Issue No.1, pp. 127-148.
• “Quality in Consecutive Interpreting: A Relevance-theoretic Perspective”. Babel (2017), Vol. 63, Issue No.1, pp. 21-42.
• “Translatability of Qur’anic Antonymy”, Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literatures (2017), Vol. 9, Issue No. 1, pp. 51-72.
• "Translation of Colloquialisms in the Arabic-into-English Subtitled Film, The Dupes", International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies (2017), Vol. 5, Issue No. 3, pp. 18-27.
• "Qur’an-related Intertextuality: Textual Potentiation in Translation", International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature (2017), Vol. 6, Issue No. 6, pp. 195-207.
• "Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in the Translation of Political Speeches", Advances in Language and Literary Studies (2017), Vol. 8, Issue No. 3, pp. 100-12.
• "Found in Translation: Glowing Expressions of Class, Wealth, Bourgeois and Aristocracy in Jordanian Shop Signs" International Journal of Translation (2014), Vol. 26, Issue No. 2, pp. 96-119.
• "The Theme of Fakhr (Self-exaltation) in the Translation of Antara's Mu‘allaqa" Babel (2013), Vol. 59, Issue No. 3, pp. 288-309.
• "Arabic Death Discourse in Translation: Euphemism and Metaphorical Conceptualization in Jordanian Obituaries" Across Languages and Cultures (2011), Vol. 12, Issue No. 1, pp. 19-48.
• "Jordanian Folkloric Songs in Translation: Mousa's Song 'They Have Passed by without a Company' as a Case Study." Meta (2011), Vol. 56, Issue No. 3. pp. 557-578.
• "Lexicalized Names and Nouns in Jordanian Arabic: A Sociolinguistic and Translational View" Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics (2009), Vol. 2, Issue No.1, pp.1-16.
• "The Translation of Arabic Collocations into English: Dictionary-based vs. Dictionary-free Measured Knowledge." Linguistik Online (2009), Vol. 37, Issue No. 1, pp. 21-33.
• “The English Department in the Arab World Re-Visited: Language, Literature, or Translation? A Student's View.” College Student Journal (2009), Vol. 43, Issue No. 4, pp. 961-978.
• "Translating Autoantonymy in the Qur'an." Across Languages and Cultures (2008), Vol. 9, Issue No.1, pp.17-40.
• "Translating the Invisible in the Qur’an" Babel (2008), Vol. 54, Issue No.1, pp. 1-18.
• "Lost in Translation: Shop Signs in Jordan" Meta (2008), Vol. 53, Issue No.3, pp. 717-727.
• "Unintentional Humour in the Translation of Jordanian Shop Signs" Journal of Intercultural Communication (2008), Vol. 17, pp. 1-17.
• "The Interpretation of Terminological Constructions: The Case of Technico-scientific  Nominal Compounds" Journal of Language and Linguistics (2005), Vol. 4, Issue No. 2, pp. 161-182.

Academic Journals and Society Membership:
• Member of the Editorial Board - International Journal of Applied Linguistics and Translation (2020-present) / Science Publishing Group.
• Member of the Editorial Board - International Journal of Translation / Bahri Publications, (2009-present).
• Member of the Advisory board of Sayyab Translation Journal for two years (2006-2008).
• Member of the Advisory board of WATA Journal for four years, 2005-2009.
• Member of WATA (World Arab Translators' Association), 2003- until dissolved in 2010.
• Member of the Jordanian Translators’ Association, (1998-present).
• Act as a Referee for a big number of local, regional and international journals specializing in Translation Studies and Applied Linguistics.
 

Surname: Elsayed

Name: Mohamed

Nationality: Egyptian

Current Occupation: Professor of Logic, Philosophy of Science, Critical Thinking, Applied Ethics at University of Kuwait, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts.

E-Mail: quine111@yahoo.com

Academic Degrees:
-    MA: Egypt. “The Logical Problem of Induction”
-    Ph. D (1991) Boston College: Dissertation

Teaching Experience:
-  Critical Thinking
-  Philosophy of Science
-  Introduction to Logic
-  Symbolic Logic
-  Applied Ethics
-  Introduction to Development of philosophical thought
-  Contemporary Philosophy
-  Introduction to Philosophy
-  Bioethics

Selected articles and Publications:
-  (2020) STALEY, K., An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. A translation.
- (2019) Rethinking Simone de Beauvoir Feminism: Philosophical Foundations and key concepts of feminist studies.
University of Macau.  ICLA 2019 Conference
- (2014) Can torture be morally justified? the Ticking Bomb Scenario revisited. An Accepted paper to be delivered in: The International Journal of Arts and Sciences Conference. March17, 2014, Las Vegas. USA 
- (2013) The Value of Philosophy on both sides of the Atlantic and    beyond,  the XII Conference "European Culture" of Charlemagne Institut d 'European Studies, University Dictating Catalunya International conference. Barcelona, Spain.   http://www.uic.es/en/paper-sessions-accepted-papers-2013           
-  Science and Relativism (By: Larry Laudan) A Translation (2015)
-  What Feminism? A translation. Althakafa Alalamia. Kuwait. (2015)
-  Critical Thinking (2011). Translation Center, Cairo, Egypt.
-  Critical Thinking. A co-translation. (2006)
-  Logical Fallacies and the Foundations of Critical Thinking (2006)
-  Human Cloning: A critical study in Bioethics. The Annual Conference of Minia University, Egypt (2003)
- Incommensurability and Irrationality in Thomas Khun’s philosophy- (2005) Journal of Humanities, Horizons in Humanities and Social Sciences: An International Refereed Journal. http://journals.sfu.ca/hhss/index.php/hhss/index
-  Are the Social Sciences Really Inferior?  Horizons in Humanities and Social Sciences: An International Refereed Journal.
   http://journals.sfu.ca/hhss/index.php/hhss/index
-  The Relativism of Paul Feyerabend Philosophy. Manshaat El-Maarif. Alexandria (1998)
- Three Dialogues OF Knowledge. An Arabic translation of Paul Feyerabend’s book with an introduction and commentary (1998). Manshaat El-Maarif. Alexandria
- Logical and Epistemological Foundations of Technology (1997).Minia university Yearly Academic Symposium
-  Demarcation Between Science and Pseudo-science (1996). (2001). Manshaat El-Maarif. Alexandria
-  Richard Rorty and The End of Philosophy (1998) Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Minia University.
-  Unity and Disunity in Psychology (1994) the General Egyptian institute for books.

Service to the Profession:
-  Director of the Master Program, Philosophy Department, Kuwait University (2019- 2020)
-  Dean of The Faculty of arts, Minia University, Egypt (2011-2014)
-  Chairman of the Philosophy department, Minia University, Egypt (2007-2011)
-  Building the Website for the Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, United Arab Emirates University.
-  Writing and co- writing the material for many courses in the United Arab Emirates University, i.e. Development of Philosophical Thought (1999), Critical Thinking (2004)
- Writing many articles in well-known newspapers in Egypt, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait
-  Editorial Assistant of the Journal of Humanities and Social Science at United Arab Emirates University (2001-2005)
-  A speaking guest in many TV and Radio Programs in Egypt, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates.
-  Examiner of MA and Ph.D. thesis in Egypt and Kuwait
-  Member and examiner of the National Center of Translation in Cairo Egypt.
-  Member of Egyptian Supreme Council of Culture, Cairo Egypt.

Professional Affiliations:
-  Egyptian Philosophical Association
-  Egyptian Writers Union
-  American Philosophical Association (APA) for many years
-  Egyptian Supreme Council of Culture:  http://www.scc.gov.eg/

Surname: Bashir

Name: Manaf

Nationality: Kuwaiti

Current Occupation: Associate Professor of Mass Communication at University of Kuwait, Department of Mass Communication, Faculty of Arts.

E-Mail: Manaf.bashir@ku.edu.kw

Academic Degrees:
- Bachelor of Science, Mass Communications, Spring 2004, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA.
- Master of Science, Mass Communications, Spring 2007, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA.
- Ph.D., Mass Communications, May 2012, Indiana University-Bloomington, Indiana, USA.

Professional Experience:
• Department of Mass Communication, Kuwait University, July 2012 - Present, Associate Professor.
• Muslim Voices Radio Show, Bloomington, Indiana, Fall 2008 – 2011, Radio Host.
• Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, Dec. 2004 – Feb. 2005, Communication Coordinator .
• Kuwait News Agency (KUNA), Feb. 2005 – July 2005,  News Editor Assistant, Embassies Correspondent.

Conference Participation:
• AMIC 25th Annual Conference, Manilla, Philippines, September 2017 (Paper presented).
• Conference on Social, Economics, Business and Educational Science, Budapest, Hungary, 24-26 May, 2016 (paper presented).
• International Communication Association Regional conference – Expanding Communication: Old Boundaries and New Frontiers, Lodz, Poland, April 2015 (paper presented).
• Second International Conference on Emerging Research Paradigms in Business and Social Sciences, Dubai, UAE, November 2013 (paper presented).
• ECREA Symposium, “(Mis)understanding political participation,” Munich, Germany, October 2013 (paper presented).
• Doctoral Colloquium at the Association of Internet Researchers Annual Conference, October 2011. Seattle, Washington (paper presented).
• CAMMRO 4th International Conference, June 16, 2008. London, UK (paper presented).
• 11th Annual International Public Relations Research Conference, March 6, 2008, University of Miami, Florida (paper presented).

Publications:
• Bashir, M. (2019). Toward excellence in public relations: identifying practices and barriers in Kuwaiti corporate, governmental and non-profit organizations. Journal of Public Relations Research, Vol. 31, No. 3-4.
• Bashir, M. (2019). Corporate social responsibility reporting within Kuwaiti top 100 corporations: CSR issues, targeted stakeholders and reporting standards. Journal of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies, No. 174, Vol. 45.
• Bashir, M. & Aldaihani, A. (2017). Public relations in an online environment: Discourse description of social media in Kuwaiti organizations. Public Relations Review, 43, pp. 777-787.
• Bashir, M. (2016). Evaluating Media Awareness toward Breast Cancer Awareness Campaigns: A Case Study of Women in Kuwait in 2014. Arab Journal for the Humanities, Vol. 34, No. 133.
• Bashir, M. Fedorova, M. (2014). Conglomeration Among the Top Public Relations Agencies: A Case Study of American Conglomerates. Public Relations Review, Vol 40(5), 762-771.
• Bashir, M. Fedorova, M. (2014). Framing the Pussy Riot between the USA and Russia: Freedom Fighters or Anarchy Promoters? The Journal of International Communication, Vol 21(1), p. 132-152.
• Bashir, M. (2014). The holy month of violence: The prevalence of gender-based violence in Egyptian television series during Ramadan 2012. Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 3.
• Ogan, C., Willnat, L., Pennington, R., & Bashir, M. (2013). The rise of anti-Muslim prejudice: Media and Islamophobia in Europe and the United States. International Communication Gazette, 76, p. 27-46.
• Bashir, M. (2012). Framing an online social movement: How do the leadership and participants of the Egyptian 6th of April youth movement frame their Facebook activism? International Review of Information Ethics, 18, p. 71-83.
• Bashir, M. (2011). Book Review: Tactical Media (Electronic Mediations), by Rita Raley. The Information Society, 27(2).
• Ogan, C., Bashir, M., Camaj, L., Luo, Y., et al. (2009). Development communication: The state of research in an era of ICTs and globalization. International Communication Gazette, 71, p. 655-670.

Awards and Honors:
• Chosen with 10 Kuwaiti scholars to represent Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for the Paris Institute of Political Studies conference: Revisiting Democratic Transition Theory in Paris, France, Nov. 5th-7th, 2014.
• Frances Wilhoit research paper award, 2008 (Indiana University-Bloomington).
• 2006 Minnesota PRSA Student Classics Award (Public Relations Planning).
• Certificate of academic merit from the National Society of Collegiate Scholars (NSCS).
• Student with Outstanding Achievement Award from Prince of Kuwait (Spring 2005).